(1) England and Wales; (2) Australia; (3) New Zealand; (4) Canada; (5) USA. Essentially, common law is applied in all those countries which were once colonised by England, except where some other prior colonial power established another legal system which was retained after English colonisation.

(1) 72 hours before ETA if the ship is eligible for expanded inspection; (2) 24 hours before ETA for every ship; (3) Actual Time of Arrival (ATA); and (4) Actual Time of Departure (ATD). (For questions on ATA and ATD notifications see Section I. )

Yes. If he is negligent and thereby fails to prevent or minimise damage to the environment, he may be deprived of all or part of his special compensation.

There should be a system to record the names and purpose of visitors.

(1) An entry should be made in the appropriate Oil Record Book (Part 1 or Part 2, or both) under "Accidental or other exceptional discharges of oil". 

A Bunker Clause will usually require a certain quantity of fuel to be on board at delivery, with approximately the same quantity to be on board at redelivery, and in any case enough to reach the next bunkering port. 

No.

The North Sea and its approaches, the Irish Sea and its approaches, the Celtic Sea, the English Channel and its approaches and part of the North East Atlantic immediately to the west of Ireland.

The Code of Practice for the Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk Carriers, or BLU Code.

(1) Check the cook's hours of work record; (2) raise a non-conformity with the SMS; (3) determine the cause; (4) review the hours of rest schedule (table of duties); (5) give the cook compensatory rest time.

The MCA website lists the following:

The means of giving the signal is at the master's discretion. It may be by a signal (e. g. a siren) or by word of mouth, but arrangements should be such that everyone on board, including those in emergency parties, will receive it.

Annex I: Oil; Annex II: Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; Annex III: Harmful Substances in Packaged Form; Annex IV: Sewage from Ships; Annex V: Garbage from Ships; and Annex VI: Air Pollution from Ships.

The court instructs the Admiralty Marshal to arrest the ship. In most cases an officer of HM Customs, on behalf of the Admiralty Marshal, posts a warrant of arrest and the in rem claim form on the outer structure of the ship (e. g. a bulkhead near the head of the gangway). If the claim remains unpaid, the Court may order the sale of the ship. If security (bail) sufficient to have the ship released is not provided, the court may order the arrest of the ship.

All kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically, except sewage originating from ships.