12 months.

By signalling: "ACCEPT SALVAGE SERVICES BASIS LLOYD'S FORM LOF 2011 NO CURE NO PAY MASTER (SHIP'S NAME) ".

Because their owners request, from their classification society, some form of certification as a means of demonstrating compliance with the provisions of the IMSBC Code to port State control authorities, port authorities and other interested parties for all cargoes that the ship may carry. (Many shipowners also obtained a DOC or Statement of Compliance to show compliance with the BC Code before it was superseded by the IMSBC Code. ) 

The Company should establish procedures for the preparation of plans and instructions for key shipboard operations concerning the safety of the ship and the prevention of pollution. The various tasks involved should be defined and assigned to qualified personnel. (Para. 7)

(1)A periodic inspection, which is determined by the time window; and (2) an additional inspection, which is triggered by overriding or unexpected factors depending on the severity of the occurrence. (There are also three inspection types: see below. )

By entering his ships with a P&I club. 

Under Regulation 4 of the VTM Regulations the MCA may exempt the owner, agent and master of a specified ship on a scheduled service from the "hazmat" notification requirements in relation to a voyage that is scheduled to last up to 12 hours and is part of a scheduled service between ports within the UK. Exemptions are only effective if in writing and are subject to conditions.

That a special dangerous goods list, manifest or stowage plan is carried in the ship. This, and any additional special documents required for the acceptance of goods for carriage must be kept on board and available for reference or inspection until the goods have been discharged.

A shipmaster has implied authority to engage a tug or tugs whenever he deems it reasonably necessary for the safety of the ship's operations, and the shipowner (or operator or time charterer, as the case may be) will be bound by the terms of the contract the master makes with the tug owner, if they are reasonable.

Yes. Under the Marine Insurance Act 1906 the master or any member of the crew of a ship has an insurable interest in respect of his wages.

Owners' remuneration, payable by charterers in US$ every 15 days (semi­monthly) or 30 days (monthly) in advance. 

The carrier must, before and at the beginning of the voyage (i. e. up to the moment of sailing), exercise due diligence to: 

Yes.

To ensure that: 

SOLAS chapter II/1 regulation 3-4 requires emergency towing arrangements to be fitted at both ends on board every tanker of not less than 20, 000 tonnes dead-weight.