For example: costs of hiring a tug to refloat a stranded ship with cargo onboard; cost of discharging cargo in order to refloat a stranded ship or to carry out repairs at a port of refuge; salvage costs; agency fees at a port of refuge; surveyors' fees; warehousing charges; port charges; master's and crew's wage while a ship is being repaired; and Average Adjuster's fee.

HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). Website: www. hmrc. gov. uk

In a Ballast Water Record Book. On entry into force of the BWM Convention this will become a mandatory document. (For questions on this see Ballast Water Record Book in Section D. )

The sacrifice or expenditure must be reasonable. Jettisoning enough, but no more, of a deck cargo of timber to refloat a grounded ship would be reasonable. Jettisoning the entire deck cargo would not be reasonable.

The owner of the tow (i. e. the hirer) is effectively responsible for all liabilities arising during the tow; the tug is exempt even where negligent (which is why UK Standard Towage Conditions are so popular with tugowners around the world).

(1) Gathering and assessing information with respect to security threats and exchanging such information with appropriate Contracting Governments; 

"Adult" means any person who is not an infant or a child. "Child" means any person who has reached his/her fourth birthday but has not reached adult age as defined by the company's booking conditions and advised to the MCA. "Infant" means any person who has not yet reached his/her fourth birthday.

Except in the Panama Canal (see below), the pilot is an advisor to the master, without having command, navigational control or charge of the vessel. The pilot's duty is restricted to advising the master of local conditions affecting safe navigation. The master has full responsibility for the navigation and manoeuvring of his ship during all acts of pilotage. (Hence the bridge movement book term, "To Master's Orders and Pilot's Advice". )

Factors that could indicate a serious threat to the safety of the ship and the crew or to the environment, although the need to undertake an additional inspection is for the professional judgment of the port State control authority.

The master must immediately make arrangements to carry out any required control measures.

All UK passenger ships wherever they may be, and all other passenger ships whilst in UK waters if carrying more than 12 passengers.

Charges, sometimes called Particular Charges, which are incurred during a voyage (usually by the carrier) solely for the benefit of an individual owner of a consignment of goods as opposed to all the parties to the common adventure. General average therefore cannot apply, and the carrier must recover the costs from the receiver of that consignment. The carrier has a possessory lien for Special Charges whilst he remains in possession of the goods.

Yes, a general average deposit (in cash). Cash deposits might be less readily given, however, than bonds and guarantees.

FOB, CIF and other contracts of sale define the time of passing of risk, and thereby insurable interest, from seller to buyer. 

Basically, any port where general average expenditure is incurred. It can include a loading port which is returned to (e. g. because cargo has shifted).