Masters, chief engineer officers, chief mates, second engineer officers and any person designated on muster lists of having responsibility for the safety of passengers in emergency situations on board passenger ships shall have completed approved training in crisis management and human behaviour as specified in section A-V/2, paragraph 3 of the STCW Code. (Regulation V/2.6) These seafarers must, at intervals not exceeding 5 years, undertake appropriate refresher training or be required to provide evidence of having achieved the required standard of competence within the previous 5 years. (STCW Reg. V/2.3)

On ships carrying personnel employed by several different employers (e. g. cruise ships and many offshore industry vessels), each such employer must appoint one or more "competent persons".

Between 24 and 36 months after the last inspection in the PMoU region.

(A) Loading of oil cargo; 

Under The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ship Construction: Ships of Classes I, II and II (A)) Regulations, every passenger ship of Classes I, II and II(A) must be marked on its side amidships with the subdivision load lines assigned to it in accordance with Schedule 5 of MSN 1698.

It depends on the agreement in the charter party. Period charterers will probably be allowed to fly their own house flag or even paint their own colours on the funnel and/or sides, but this may not be important to them.

An on-scene security survey and, at least, the following elements: 

A form with the title "List of Crew and Signature of Seamen Who Are Parties to the Crew Agreement", on which non-exempted crew members should sign to indicate their agreement to be employed on the terms of the Crew Agreement. (Aide-memoire: "a" for "Agreement".)

No, as long as the initial protest is submitted and the average adjuster gets the required surveyors' reports, etc. from some source.

Basically P&I cover is third party liability insurance and is obtained from one of a number of P&I clubs. (See P&I COVER in this Section. )

On a tank-to-tank basis: (A) Loading of cargo;

Yes. The employer's obligations include payment of expenses of the burial or cremation of a seaman who dies before he can be returned.

Not necessarily. 

Some countries require ships departing for foreign destinations to declare their nationality. (Section 6 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 requires this in the UK ) The Certificate of Registry of a foreign-going ship is usually taken ashore by the agent before departure for examination by the port State Administration or harbour authority.

If the seaman satisfied the master that his absence was due to an accident, a mistake, or some other cause beyond his control and that he took all reasonable precautions to avoid being absent.