Mainly by decisions of judges in civil courts. (It is also called case law.) 

No. A List of Crew required for engagement and discharge purposes should not be confused with a Crew List (IMO FAL Form 5) maintained by the master for submitting to port officials.

The master of every ship must produce to an officer of customs (i. e. HM Customs) from whom clearance for the ship is demanded for an international voyage the certificates or documentation referred to in the Regulations.

(1) His insurance broker, who will take steps to appoint a surveyor to attend on behalf of underwriters; 

MIN 372 - Ship Security Officer Certification: changes and MIN 379 - Ship Security Officer Certification - Recognition (both now expired).

Equipment which, under UK regulations, is required to have MCA type approval, but for which there was no applicable international standard when the MSN was published.

No ship registered in a SOLAS party country may proceed to sea from a UK port unless there is in force such SOLAS certificates as would be required if the ship was a UK ship. The extension provisions in the Regulations will apply to such certificates as if the ship was a UK ship.

UK companies which have been certificated under the ISM Code can apply to the MCA for approval to issue Watch Rating Certificates on behalf of the MCA. The applicant company has to demonstrate to the MCA that it has adequate arrangements for training and assessing watchkeeping ratings and an acceptable quality control system.

(1) Ships of less than 300 GT; (2) fishing vessels with a length of less than 45 m; (3) traditional ships with a length of less than 45 m; (4) recreational craft with a length of less than 45 m; and (5) warships, naval auxiliaries and other ships owned or operated by the Government of an EEA State which are used for non-commercial public service.

When the DfT is considering cancelling the certificate of a person other than an officer, either for incompetence, misconduct or any other reason, they must give him written notice. The seaman can require his case to be dealt with by an inquiry held by one or more persons appointed by the DfT.

A Record of Equipment.

In: (1) Antarctica (as defined by the Antarctic Act 1994, i. e. all sea south of 60°S); in (2) safety zones around offshore installations: and (3) in any temporary exclusion zone (TEZ) established in UK waters or on the UK continental shelf.

The master should make up the seaman's wages and overtime, and draw up an Account of Seaman's Wages (ASW/2) in accordance with The Merchant Shipping (Seamen's Wages and Accounts) Regulations. The account should be sent to a Superintendent or Proper Officer, and the wages to the next-of-kin.

(1) An inspection, with tests when necessary, of the equipment to ensure that requirements relevant to the particular certificate are complied with and that they are in a satisfactory condition and are fit for the service for which the ship is intended; and (2) a check that all the certificates, record books, operating manuals and other instructions and documentation specified in the requirements relevant to the particular certificate are on board the ship. (2011 HSSC Survey Guidelines, 4.4.2)

The appropriate authority of the port State.