Yes, on vessels in their possession, to secure claims for the building or repair of the vessel effected during the possession.

In writing, or verbally before a witness, in accordance with the terms of the Notice Clause in the Crew Agreement.

By measurement of the volume, in cubic metres, of all the cargo spaces in the ship. 

An international agreement for the management of the radio spectrum and satellite orbits. The Regulations are reviewed every two to three years through a World Radiocommunications Conference organised by the ITU.

Elsewhere - probably in an agreement made through their union, or between each individual and the employer.

Approved classification societies may be authorized by a ship's flag State Administration to act as Recognised Organisations for the verification of the ship's compliance with international and/or national regulations.

(1) Fire guards; (2) fire extinguishers;

They must be trained to be able to communicate effectively between themselves and with passengers during an emergency, as detailed in Paragraph 3, STCW Code A-V/3, and be able to demonstrate the correct donning of lifejackets.

Yes, if he is satisfied that an officer caused or contributed to an accident. He may alternatively censure the officer. Legal costs may also be awarded against the officer.

By checking Notice No. 12 in the Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners. This gives the outer limit of the contiguous zones of each State that claims one; in most cases this is 24 miles or 18 miles, but for North Korea it is 50 miles.

STCW Regulation 1/10 allows a flag State to permit a person holding an appropriate and valid certificate issued and endorsed by another STCW Party to serve (other than as radio operator) on its ships for up to 3 months if it has not yet been endorsed by the flag State as being recognised for service on its ships. 

The same powers to inspect ships in ports in Great Britain as MCA surveyors. They may issue Improvement Notices and Prohibition Notices and bring prosecutions for contraventions of relevant legislation. However, the HSE has a formal agreement with the MCA on enforcement of health and safety law on ships in port.

To indemnify is to make good a loss suffered, not by replacement of the subject matter lost, but by a financial payment, i. e. to compensate.

MGN 402.

The International Health Regulations (2005), which came into force on 15 June 2007 and replace the International Health Regulations (1969).