MCA surveyors, port State control inspectors and (in British ports, under The Docks Regulations) employers of shore labour. 

For the purposes of MARPOL Annex II: any substance indicated in the Pollution Category column of chapter 17 or 18 of the International Bulk Chemical Code or provisionally assessed under the provisions of Annex II regulation 6. 3 as falling into Category X, Y or Z.

All UK ships, other than passenger ships, which trade on international voyages and to which the principal conventions apply.

Passenger Ship Safety Certificate;

Refuse, unless with agreement of the P&I club correspondent.

MGN 345.

No. It does not assure the quality of a company's management systems, like ISO 9002.

To ensure that: (1) cargo and cargo units carried on or under deck are loaded, stowed and secured so as to prevent as far as practicable, throughout the voyage, damage or hazard to the ship or the persons on board, and loss of cargo overboard; 

If it is, the notations on its Certificate of Class will include the letters "ESP", e. g. "+100A1 Double Hull Oil Tanker, ESP, *IWS".

By primary and secondary legislation of Parliament. Most criminal offences are set out in Acts and Regulations, including merchant shipping regulations.

Regulation 10(1) of The Merchant Shipping (Hours of Work) Regulations 2002 prohibits a seafarer under the age of 18 from work at night.

(1) Magistrates' Courts; (2) Crown Court; (3) High Court; (4) Court of Appeal; (5) Supreme Court.

All kinds of food wastes, domestic wastes and operational wastes, all plastics, cargo residues, cooking oil, fishing gear, and animal carcasses generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically except those substances which are defined or listed in other Annexes to MARPOL. 

Work should not be started until the risk has been reduced. Considerable resources may have to be allocated to reduce the risk. Where the risk involves work in progress, urgent action should be taken.

Exemptions will be granted by the MCA on a case-by-case basis.