When (1) there is a statement on the face of the bill of lading issued to the shipper that the goods are stowed on deck, and (2) the goods are, in fact, stowed on deck. (If either requirement is not met, the Rules will be applicable. ) 

They are MCA officials who are empowered by the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 to deal with: 

Mainly to save costs (principally in crewing), and to reduce their tax liabilities.

A measure of a ship's CO2 emissions, calculated using characteristics of the ship at build, incorporating parameters that include ship capacity, engine power and fuel consumption.

Before taking a vessel on charter, prospective charterers - especially an oil company and charterers hiring older tonnage - may require a thorough condition survey to be made. Having hired a vessel, in most cases, an on-hire or delivery survey will be required. In some cases, however, there is no survey of any kind.

Amendments to the Annex to the STCW Convention and the STCW Code adopted at a Diplomatic Conference in Manila, Philippines in June 2010, aimed at bringing the Convention and Code up to date with developments since they were adopted in 1978 and revised in 1995, and to enable them to address issues anticipated to emerge in the foreseeable future. They entered into force on 1January 2012 under the tacit acceptance procedure, with a five-year transitional period until full implementation on 1 January 2017.

UK port facilities serving the ship types in the last answer. 

As either "highly unlikely", "unlikely" or "likely". (These should form the headings for each horizontal line. )

Great Barrier Reef, Australia (designated in 1990); 

Several copy bills of lading (which are not negotiable documents of title) will be issued for purposes of agents, customs, etc. 

The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 (STCW).

Admiralty List of Radio Signals (Pilot Services, Vessel Traffic Services and Port Operations) NP 286 Volume 6, as published by the UK Hydrographic Office. (MSN 1831, 4. 7)

Ships employed as fish processing or canning factory ships, and ship engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the fish processing or canning industries.

Between the second and third anniversary date of the issue of the Safety Management Certificate.

Prior to 1 January 2012 it is 4. 5% m/m (measurement by mass). On and after 1 January 2012 it is 3. 5% m/m and; and on and after 1 January 2020 it is 0. 5% m/m. (Reg. 14. 1) This limit is sometimes called the "global sulphur cap".