By entering his ship with a P&I club offering collision liability cover (which most of the clubs do). Protection from this risk was an original reason for the formation in the 19th century of "protecting clubs" by groups of British shipowners.

7: Departures and arrivals; 

The flag State Administration or the Contracting Government which issued the DOC (e. g. in the case of a Company with a multi-flagged fleet).

No. Although a low-value ship might be insured entirely in the London market, the insurance on a high-value ship is likely to placed in several markets, such as those in Japan, Germany, Norway, France, USA and Italy.

5 years.

Yes, provided that they include a recording function of their transmission and that those functions and interfaces with position-fixing equipment are subjected to regular verification by the ship's master.

By checking the wording of the charter party to establish whether it is a port charter party or a berth charter party, and checking the ship's position.

The CSO is required to ensure that "persons with appropriate skills to evaluate the security of a ship" carry out the ship security assessment. 

Cleaning agents or additives contained in cargo hold, deck and external surfaces wash water may be discharged into the sea outside a special area, but these substances must not be harmful to the marine environment, taking into account the IMO 2012 Guidelines for the Implementation of MARPOL Annex V.

Masters, chief engineer officers, chief mates, second engineer officers and any person with immediate responsibility for loading, discharging, care in transit, handling of cargo, tank cleaning or other cargo-related operations on oil tankers.

UK Ship Register News of 16 March 2010 stated that the ACS allows the MCA to retain oversight of the ship through ISM audits and general inspections, whilst delegating all "hardware surveys" (for example the Cargo Ship Safety Equipment survey) to those classification societies authorised by the UK.

They amend the Merchant Shipping Act 1995, The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Oil Pollution) Regulations 1996 and The Merchant Shipping (Dangerous or Noxious Liquid Substances Carried in Bulk) Regulations 1996) so that: 

Yes: see, for example, the case of Adler v. Dickson (1955) (The Himalaya) under LAW OF TORT in Section B. In recent years there have been several reported cases of cruise ship passengers suing (or threatening to sue) masters in person for negligence, e. g. after sailing into heavy weather despite a poor weather forecast.

Passenger ships of classes IV and V. They may only go on voyages in categorized waters.

12 nautical miles from the baseline. Several States claim more than this, however, some as much as 200 nautical miles.