By applying directly to an MCA-approved medical practitioner (a list of whom is in MSN 1821), undergoing a medical check and paying a fee.

The Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen advises that the master should organise an election within 3 days of being requested by any 2 persons entitled to vote.

For example, where the shipper makes an untrue statement to the carrier as to their nature or value, or their threat to safety as well as (for sea carriers only).

(1) Ensuring the performance of all ship security duties; 

It is not necessary to hold another muster, but the attention of the new passengers must be drawn to the emergency instructions. This can be done on the ship's PA system or by direct oral announcement. (See also "Costa Concordia "-related question below. )

Para. A/11.2.7 provides that the duties and responsibilities of the company security officer shall include ensuring that deficiencies and non-conformities identified during internal audits, periodic reviews, security inspections and verifications of compliance are promptly addressed and dealt with.

No. Category 1 administrations may register ships of unlimited tonnage, type and length. Category 2 administrations may only register ships of up to 150 GT and pleasure vessels, that is, those not operated commercially, of up to 400 GT.

Until he is repatriated. If the obligation to provide relief and maintenance arises within 3 months of leaving the seaman behind, it continues after that period has elapsed.

They can (1) give expert advice on routeing (cheapest, quickest, safest); 

The Company must ensure that the ship security plan contains a clear statement emphasising the master's authority. 

Where something occurs which prevents the contract from being performed as intended but is not the fault of either party and was not contemplated by either of them.

Yes.

A Prohibition Notice may be served in the UK on a ship operator or master by an MCA inspector (who is usually a surveyor) under section 262 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 to give notice that activities being carried out or likely to be carried out by or under the control of the recipient involve, or will involve, a risk or imminent risk of serious personal injury or serious pollution of navigable waters, and that they contravene the specified statutory provisions, and that they shall not be carried out. The Notice may also prohibit the ship from going to sea until the matters are remedied. Unlike an Improvement Notice, a Prohibition Notice can have immediate effect.

The Merchant Shipping (Vessel Traffic Monitoring and Reporting Requirements) Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/2110) ("the Vessel Traffic Monitoring Regulations" or "VTM Regulations"), as amended by SIs 2005/1092, 2008/3145 and 2011/2616. 

Where a shipowner relies on self-insurance or some other form of financial security, written permission must be obtained from the Secretary of State for Transport (in practice the MCA) for the ship to enter or leave a UK port.