Examples of general average. The following are examples of extraordinary sacrifices intentionally and reasonably made for the common safety and allowed as general average:

Evaporator. This is sometimes also called a “fresh water generator”. Modern vessels are fitted with a fresh water distilling plant.

Freeboard. This is the distance measured from the deck to the waterline. The minimum freeboard of a vessel is the vertical distance from the freeboard-deck to the loadlines, indicating the maximum permissible draught, measured at the middle of the ship’s length.

Expected ready to load. This term is found in the "preamble"-or introduction-to the charterparty, in the general "description" of the ship to be used. It can be important information for the charterer so that he can plan in advance for loading any cargo he may be shipping and thus it can affect the "laycan" details. For example in cl. 1 of the GENCON voyage charterparty (1922 and revised with a box layout in 1976) it is stated:

Express terms. A contract such as a charter is entered into with a clear intention to create legal relations between the parties. However, what has actually been agreed may not always be clear.

Functions of a bill of lading. When asked to define a bill of lading, people may state that it “... has the following functions: it is a receipt for cargo, a document of title to the goods described and evidence of the contract of carriage”.

Exclusive brokers. These can be shipbrokers that negotiate charters only for one shipowner or one charterer.

Fresh water allowance or FWA. This is the change in draught of a vessel when it moves from salt water (density 1.025 tonnes/cu.m) to fresh water (1 tonne/cu.m). The FWA for a vessel for a draught at or near the summer loadline can be calculated by the formula:

Displacement / 4 x TPC

where, TPC = the tonnes per centimetre immersion.

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Free in and out (FIO). As a rule, owners have to pay the cost of loading and discharging the cargo, it being the duty of charterers to deliver the cargo free alongside at the port of loading and for consignees to take delivery from alongside at the port of destination, in each case free of charge to the vessel.

Escalation clause(or Escalator clause) With currency values fluctuating, with the revenue of the shipowner being in one currency and his costs possibly being in another, and, with rising costs and inflation, he will want some compensatory protection, especially when the charter is for a long period, such as in time charters and COAs.

Freight prepaid bill of lading. In the carriage of goods by sea, freight is payable when the carrier delivers the goods to the consignee at the agreed destination.

Freight taxes. Many countries, especially those with developing economies, tend to impose taxes on income (that is, freight) from carriage of goods by sea, generally on export cargoes but, in-some cases, also on import cargo.

EXW (Ex Works)

EXW EX WORKS
(... named place)

Free in and out (FIO). As a rule, owners have to pay the cost of loading and discharging the cargo, it being the duty of charterers to deliver the cargo free alongside at the port of loading and for consignees to take delivery from alongside at the port of destination, in each case free of charge to the vessel.

Forgeries (Fraud and bills of lading.)A modern case may help to introduce the problems that can arise and identify some of the important issues. A sale contract requires the cargo to be loaded and bills of lading to be dated no later than 15 July.